Cognitive Psychology Test Answers, Exam Answers, Quiz Answers

Lucia reported to her father that she saw a hummingbird in their back yard. Her father, however, knows that hummingbirds are extremely rare in that part of the country. In this situation:
C) the diagnostic information points toward one conclusion, but the base rate points toward a different conclusion
Studies of image scanning indicate that:
D) there is a linear function linking scanning distances and scanning times.
One of the following is used to explain why, if we have (possibly innate) rules of mental logic, we don't always reason logically. Which one?
C) Conversion errors
Which judgment heuristic most obviously relies on the relative ease of retrieval from long term memory?
D) availability heuristic
The "working backward" strategy:
D) is used by experts if they are working on an unfamiliar problem.
In the topic of decision-making, a normative model is one that:
D) specifies what decision is logically best
What part of the brain do fMRI and PET experiments show is active during visual imagery?
B) occipital lobe
In the "man on mountain problem", you have to determine whether there is any time during the second day when he will be at exactly the same point on the mountain he was at that time the first day. To solve this problem, you should __________
C) restructure it (e.g., as height as a function of time)
What is the primary reason why humans (apparently) have consciousness?
C) we are very flexible creatures behaviorally, and cannot rely on automatic reactions to stimuli; consciousness helps us do novel things
Which of the following is NOT valid:
B) All A are B; All C are B; therefore All A are C
There are many reasons why introspection is a poor source of scientific evidence. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?
C) Participants must be carefully trained before they are able to introspect effectively.
People generally say that San Diego is further west than Reno. This has been taken to mean that
A) People's judgment of spatial position is contaminated by non-spatial information in long term memory
If I ask you to decide whether a cat has ears, after you have formed an image of a cat, which of the following is true?
D) You are fast if you have formed an image of the cat next to an ant
Participants' use of "hill climbing" is evident in that:
C) problem solving often gets stalled if a problem requires the participant to move briefly away from the goal state in order (ultimately) to reach the goal.
Several authors have proposed that we are generally aware of the _____ of our own thoughts even though we are usually unaware of the _____ of thought:
D) product; processes
The term "qualia" refers to:
A) the raw feel of an experience, reflecting how it feels to have the experience
What is the biggest difference between the cognitive unconscious (CU) and the Freudian unconscious (FU) (as theoretical entities, not necessarily as real things)?
A) the FU is in conflict with the conscious mind, while the CU cooperates with it
Which of the following pieces of evidence provides really good evidence that visual images actually are patterns of neural activity in visual perception areas of the brain?
B) Evidence from PET scans about activity in the occipital lobe while imagining large vs. small size objects
Solomon remembers how Jacob acted last weekend, and the weekend before that. Based on this, Solomon is trying to figure out whether there is a pattern to Jacob's actions. Solomon is working on a problem of:
A) induction
People who report vivid imagery, compared to people who do not,
B) exhibit comparably fast mental rotation
Studies of analogy use indicate that participants:
A) are more likely to use analogies if there is a superficial resemblance between the problem being solved and the problem serving as the base for the analogy.
Which of the following statements is most nearly accurate?
C) images are organized depictions of objects
If we form an image of a tiger, we (probably) can't count the stripes. This is probably because:
D) Images aren't pictures in the head
Chess experts are better than novices at remembering chess piece configurations from real games because of
A) chunking
The "expected utility" associated with an action:
D) is calculated as the utility of the likely outcome of the action multiplied by the probability of reaching that outcome.
In memorizing new material (e.g., words with concrete referents), the pattern of "dual coding" refers to:
C) steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory.
What is the Turing Test supposed to do?
C) tell you whether or not a computer is conscious OR
D) determine whether someone can distinguish the behavior of a computer from the behavior of a person
It has been argued that you will take action based on a memory:
D) only if you are satisfied that the thought you are having is in fact an actual memory.
People are likely to accept the following (invalid) logic: Some smokers get lung cancer; some lung cancer victims die young; therefore, some smokers die young. This illustrates
B) belief bias
An "image file" refers to:
A) descriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an active image
A problem's "initial state" refers to:
D) the knowledge and resources one possesses at the outset of the problem.
Reasoning theorists claim that the problem of verifying "if a person is drinking beer, the person must be over 21 years old" (by checking out some people who are drinking beer vs. coke or who are young vs old) is easy
B) because it follows a "permission schema"
Some "framing effect" phenomena in decision-making can be explained by assuming that:
B) subjective utility is an S-shaped function of objective value, with the fastest changes in subjective utility occurring at relatively small values of objective gain or loss
A base rate is defined as:
A) information about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event
Participants are more likely to judge a syllogism to be valid if:
B) the conclusion is a statement participants believe to be true based on other knowledge.
What factor has been demonstrated to help people give proper weight to base rate in making decisions?
B) all of these factors help
Which of the following is not a heuristic used in problem solving?
B) framing
Which of the following is correct about our reasoning ability?
C) As social beings, our implicit understanding of social rules can influence how we reason and make decisions.
Which of the following observations would be inconsistent with the claim that participants often use mental models to guide their reasoning?
A) If a problem's premises can be modeled in many different ways, the problem will be easier to solve.
Which of the following cognitve processes is generally agreed to be conscious?
C) Explicit long-term memory.
People who do research on problem solving have shown that one heuristic that can help people to solve problems is:
A) Try different ways of representing a problem if the first representation doesn't work well.
One of the most important things in making an analogy useful in problem-solving involves:
D) finding the appropriate mapping between the structure of the analogy and the problem
In using the "representativeness heuristic," participants:
D) seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype or average for that category.
Which of the following is a normative principle that takes base rates into account in estimating conditional probabilities?
C) Bayes' rule
Participants were presented with a group of numbers, such as "2, 4, 6," and were told that the numbers followed a certain rule. The participants' task was to determine the rule. Sam's hypothesis is this: "The second number must be two higher than the first, and the third number must be two higher than the second." To test his hypothesis, Sam asks the experimenter, "Does 14, 16, 18 fit with the rule?" Sam's question:
D) is consistent with the pattern called confirmation bias.
Blind-sight patients seem able to make many visual discriminations and, when pressed, are able to locate objects in their visual environment. Yet these same patients can not walk across a room without bumping into something. It has been suggested that:
D) the patients do not feel they have a reason or justification for using the information that is apparently available to them.
It has been argued that some cognitive psychology research can increase our understanding of the nature of consciousness. Which area of research is meant here?
D) all of these areas
In general, a training procedure will promote subsequent analogy use if the procedure:
A) makes the value of analogy use clear to participants OR
B) encourages participants to pay attention to the training problem's deep structure
In reasoning about the relations (e.g. "bigger than") among four items, many people construct a linear mental model, A-B-C-D. If such a person has to judge the relationship between two items (e.g., which is bigger) , which pair will result in the fastest judgment?
B) A-D
When presented a list containing several famous women's names and an equal number of unknown men's names, subjects tend to report there are more women than men in the list. This is due to_____.
C) the availability heuristic
As a neuromaging techinque, ERP is characterized by
B. Low spatial and high temporal resolution
What is one way in which a feature net (for recognizing words) can account for the fact that letter strings that follow the spelling patterns of English are recognized faster than letter strings that don't?
A. including bigram detectors as nodes in the net
The recognition of faces:
C. is influenced by configurational factors, suggesting that a model based on feature detection will provide a poor explanation of face recognition

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